Update on Mood Disorders in Later Life

Mood disorders and clinically significant mood symptoms steal the pleasure and vitality from many older adults’ later years. Although aging may be accompanied by stresses, losses, and illnesses that are more common in this phase of life, we should not accept debilitating mood symptoms as a routine concomitant of aging. An interdisciplinary team addressed the recognition and management of late-life mood disorders for the seventh consecutive year at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the APA. The course was taught by co-directors James Ellison and Yusuf Sivrioglu, and additional faculty members Donald Davidoff, Brent Forester, and Joan Cook.

Many depressive states go unrecognized as such in older patients. Late-life mood symptoms can be subtle, atypical, or less numerous than required for a DSM diagnosis of MDD. An older adult may display less overt sadness, cloaking depression in a disguise of irritability or withdrawal. Some older adults manifest depression as a preoccupation with bodily dysfunction or disintegration.¹ Concerns about loss of cognitive function may lead a well-intentioned clinician to focus on ruling out dementia rather than addressing depression.

Delusions, which are much more frequent among older patients with depression, can interfere with a clinician’s recognition of a primary mood disorder. Among the especially confusing diagnostic puzzles faced by clinicians, the distinctions between depression and personality disorder or substance use disorders requires careful and methodical evaluation of the history, symptoms, and mental status findings. The interaction of mood disorders with medical illnesses, too, can befuddle a clinician who attributes the mood symptoms to physical illness or a psychological reaction to physical disease. Often, there is a reciprocal relationship between medical and mood conditions that is most effectively addressed through simultaneous treatment of both conditions. One particular medical condition, vascular disease, can be associated with a depressive syndrome, vascular depression, which conjoins mood symptoms with executive dysfunction.²

Bipolar disorders, which typically begin in young adults, can present in older adults either de novo or as a recurrence of a disorder present earlier in life. Mania in late life is often characterized by increased irritability and dysphoria rather than euphoria and excitement. Secondary mania, the designation for symptoms caused by a medical illness such as cerebrovascular accident or infection, is far more common among older than younger patients. Treatment of bipolar disorder among older adults is similar to treatment of younger adults, although it requires attentive dosing, awareness of potential drug interactions, and alertness to adverse effects.

It is important to avoid overreliance on the DSM criteria for depression, since these criteria can lack adequate specificity and sensitivity in older patients. The diagnostic assessment of late-life mood disorders requires alertness to the medical burden associated with aging and the accumulation of chronic medical diseases.³ Physical examination and laboratory testing, often performed by a collaborating primary care clinician, are necessary for adequate assessment.

Suicide, often with firearms, is of particular concern when treating older, depressed patients. White men who are 85 and older commit suicide at a rate 5 times that of the general population. In many cases, the presence of depression might have been detected during a primary care visit and before a completed suicide.

The complex and mutually reinforcing relationship between depression and cognitive impairment is of great concern when treating older adults. Depression and dementia exacerbate each other symptomatically, and perhaps each promotes worsening of the other through inflammatory or other mechanisms.

In the past, the cognitive symptoms of depression were termed “pseudodementia,” in the belief that treatment of depression would cure the associated cognitive dysfunction. Longitudinal follow-up, however, has revealed that the “dementia syndrome of depression” may be a prodrome or even a risk factor for a later primary dementia.

Patients with Alzheimer disease or other dementias may express depression behaviorally, as aggression or vocalization or as resistance to care. Treatment with antidepressants is recommended when the symptoms resemble MDD, but studies questioning the superiority of antidepressants over placebo in these patients suggest that clinicians should be prepared to curtail an ineffective antidepressant trial.

For older patients with mild to moderate depression and sufficient cognitive capacity to benefit from an interactive approach, treatment of late-life depression frequently begins with psychotherapy or a combination of psychotherapy with an antidepressant. Evidence-based psychotherapies for older adults include cognitive-behavioral therapy, problem solving therapy, and interpersonal therapy.

All of the antidepressants approved by the FDA for treatment of depression have been used successfully in older patients, but clinicians often pass by the TCAs and MAOIs because the newer agents’ adverse effects are more benign.⁴ An SSRI such as sertraline is often chosen as the initial agent.⁵ Citalopram or escitalopram are also well-tested in the elderly, but controversial reports of enhanced risk for arrhythmia with these agents, when used at higher dosages, has resulted in more cautious use.

Serotonergic antidepressants are not without adverse effects in the elderly, and clinicians must remain alert to hyponatremia and bleeding, among other potential complications. Bupropion, in appropriate patients, treats apathy and depression with minimal weight gain, sedation, or sexual dysfunction. Patients at risk for seizure are not given bupropion, and those with psychosis or severe anxiety often do better with a different medication.

Mirtazapine is useful among depressed patients who can benefit from its anxiolytic, appetite-enhancing, and sedating effects. Neutropenia is a possible but infrequent complication, but sedation or appetite increase can interfere with compliance. A large number of patients fail to achieve remission with monotherapy, but many initial nonresponders benefit from use of the same augmentors helpful with younger patients.

In older patients, lithium is used carefully because of associated cognitive and renal adverse effects. Thyroid hormone is used with caution when adverse cardiac effects might be anticipated. Testosterone can be an effective augmentor in hypogonadal depressed men without contraindications, such as prostate or liver disease. Methylphenidate or other stimulants, when clinically appropriate, have helped some apathetic antidepressant nonresponders. All of these augmentors are used “off label” and require a clinician to discuss that aspect of treatment so that the patient can make an informed choice.

In contrast, aripiprazole carries an FDA indication for adjunctive treatment of MDD. The risks of using antipsychotics in older adults with mood disorders is not fully understood, although these medications are popular and effective antidepressant adjuncts in younger patients. Any pharmacotherapy for older patients must take into account the metabolic limitations of aging internal organs, the huge potential for adverse drug interactions, and the rising cost of medications for patients who typically are taking 5 concurrent medications prescribed by different clinicians who may be unaware of the full drug regimen being taken.⁶

New enhancements to transcranial magnetic stimulation are increasing the usefulness of this treatment in later life. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains an important intervention among older patients with severe or psychotic depression, although it is often avoided as a result of concern about effects on memory or the risk of anesthesia. Newer approaches to stimulus delivery reduce the impact of ECT on cognitive functioning.

Among the evolving changes in our delivery of psychiatric services, the treatment of depression in primary care settings is a trend of great importance. Older adults often prefer to receive depression treatment from their primary care clinician, in a setting that is more convenient and less costly. Model systems such as those described in the PROSPECT, IMPACT, and PRISM-E studies have demonstrated efficacy and cost similar to treatment in specialty care settings. Treatment of depression in primary care may be especially effective and desirable with patients whose depression is complicated by substance use disorders, chronic medical illnesses, or cognitive impairment.

Mood disorders in older adults are neither inevitable nor particularly resistant to treatment. With attention to the special needs of older patients during evaluation, treatment, and follow-up, clinicians can help many patients derive greater enjoyment from their later years.

This article was originally posted on 4/30/2014 and has since been updated.

Disclosures:

Dr Ellison is Director of the Geriatric Psychiatry Program at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass.

References:

1. Ellison JM, Kyomen HH, Harper DG. Depression in later life: an overview with treatment recommendations. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35:203-229.

2. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, et al. “Vascular depression” hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:915-922.

3. Gallo JJ, Rabins PV. Depression without sadness: alternative presentations of depression in late life. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60:820-826.

4. Mottram P, Wilson K, Strobl J. Antidepressants for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD003491.

5. Lyketsos CG, Sheppard JM, Steele CD, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of depression complicating Alzheimer’s disease: initial results from the Depression in Alzheimer’ Disease study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1686-1689.

6. Zubenko GS, Sunderland T. Geriatric psychopharmacology: why does age matter? Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;7:311-333.