Marian Benjamin

The concept of a barrier between the blood and the brain arose in the late 19th century when the German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich observed that certain dyes administered intravenously to small animals stained all of the organs except the brain. Ehrlich interpreted this to mean that the brain had a lower affinity for the dye than the other tissues. In subsequent experiments, one of Ehrlich's students injected a blue dye directly into the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits and dogs. The dye readily stained the entire brain, but did not enter the bloodstream to stain the other internal organs.

It is estimated that 60% to 70% of American people who have health insurance have a plan which falls under the provisions of the Employee Retirement Insurance Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). ERISA was designed to protect and enhance pensions and benefits for employees of nationwide companies, and was heavily lobbied for by business as more and more employers established facilities in multiple states.

Peter Penna, Pharm. D. spoke on the future of drug formularies and how he sees them changing. Formularies in managed care evolved out of formularies in hospitals and have been around since drugs became relatively commonly used in patient settings, Penna explained. "Today, formularies are widely used by hospitals, managed care organizations, pharmacy benefit management companies, home health agencies and nursing home services."